Thankfully, there is always some insurance protection available against all the dreadful calamities that can befall the human race: accident, fire, earthquake, floods, death, and now, patent infringement.

But wait! Patent insurance sounds like re-fried beans. A patent itself is a kind of insurance. A patent, by definition, is an exclusive right granted by the government to make, use or sell the patented products. In other words, no one other than the patent-holder can manufacture or market the patented products. This appears to be a sort of insurance. What then, is a patent insurance?

Patent insurance is a protection against infringement of patents and the costs associated with it. Patent insurance is of two types: Patent Liability Insurance and Patent Pursuance Insurance. Patent Liability Insurance is a defensive instrument, which helps the insured fight an infringement lawsuit filed by a rival company. It is also called 'Patent Infringement Defense Insurance'. In this case, the insurance company pays a part of the legal expenses incurred and/or the damages to be paid. Patent Pursuance Insurance on the other hand, is an offensive instrument, which aids the insured fight against a patent infringing company. This is also called the 'Patent Enforcement Insurance' or 'Offensive Patent Insurance'. In this case, the insurer pays a portion of the legal expenses incurred by the insured company.

Though it is neither well known, nor widely subscribed, patent insurance has been around for almost a decade on the international scene. With more and more firms entering the knowledge-based business and fighting hard to safeguard their interests and achieve their business objectives, insuring one's intellectual assets have now become an imperative and vital strategic business decision. Most companies, including well-established ones, may not want to use their stacked-up profits to fight any IP litigations that may arise during the course of their business. SMEs, that have comparatively weaker balance sheets, dread the idea of patent litigations. This, in turn, has an impact on their organic and inorganic growth, as well as on research and development, and hence on their revenues.

Effective management of intellectual property basically involves creating, maintaining, and safeguarding its patent portfolio, apart from strategic planning of risk management. This requires constant vigilance for any infringement by competitors. The company also needs to be cautious in its research and development work while expanding its portfolio, so that it does not infringe on others' patents. Filing or fighting a legal suit is an extremely expensive affair (with a median range of $0.5 million to $0.5 billion), as most of the firms involved in these legal battles have learnt. Sun Microsystems parted with US $92 million in October 2004, in an out-of-court settlement, after Kodak filed a patent infringement lawsuit. More examples of penalties: Polaroid Vs Kodak – US$873 million; Cordis Vs Boston Scientific – US$271 million; 3M Vs Johnson & Johnson – US$107. Bitter experiences. Expensive litigations. Moments of truth.

According to American Intellectual Property Law Association, the average cost of a patent litigation is $0.5 million to $5 million for each of the warring firms, depending on the amount of infringement in question. In some cases, the costs could also go as high as even $500 million. For small and medium enterprises and firms entering a new business, it might be a question of life and death as a single infringement case might impair their entire portfolio of products and services. The invisible costs may include the stress on the employees involved and also loss of many man-hours as they go about fighting an infringement or an allegation of infringement. The company's business and its image may also take a beating as customers and investors lose their confidence when a lawsuit is filed.

DEFENSIVE INSURANCE

the patent and/or the product being protected. They usually range between 2-5% of the insured amount. Damages of up to $1 billion are covered under the insurance, while $20-30 million are common. Insurance limits up to $15 million coverage per patent are available. Deductibles start around $50,000-$100,000 and include a co-insurance percentage after the deductible. The co-payment can vary from 15% to 25%. Defense expenses such as legal fees, declaratory statements, injunctions, and appeals are usually covered by the policies. The insurance coverage premiums for a $1 million patent starts at $25,000. The factors that determine the premium rates are the past records of the firm, the care taken in patent research to prevent infringement and the firm’s own research and development work.

However, before providing the insurance coverage, insurance companies carefully consider the following aspects of the insured company:

• Past attempts at handling and enforcing patents


• Licensing programmes


• Detailed patent claims of the insured's patented product


• Steps taken by the company to protect and monitor conflicting patents


• Existing and potential competitors in related markets


• Sales and market share of top five companies in the market


• The known patents and patent-holders in a particular field


• The availability of capital resources for marketing a competitive/patented product.

WHO SHOULD OBTAIN PATENT INSURANCE?

Every company which manufactures or markets new products must cover its risk by obtaining patent insurance. The key words here are "new products." If new technology, new design or new functionalities are available or embedded in the products that are manufactured or marketed by a company, it is recommended that the company must obtain patent insurance.

Also, several aspects of a business have inherent intellectual property material which may not even be known to the business. For instance, a business may have websites that need to be protected. Websites are publications, and as a publisher, the company may be liable to infringement claims.

If the new technology is patented by the company, they will benefit from the patent pursuance insurance or enforcement insurance. If the patents are not held by the company, it is possible that some other company holds the patents, and therefore the company must have the patent litigation insurance, to mitigate the risk of possible infringement suits against the company.

Patent insurance of both kinds (defense and offence) should be obtained by companies of all sizes – small, medium and large. Because, patents are size-neutral,